对标美国大学生英语写作A+小论文,美国大学大学如何练习写作思路…

今日共享的是Zoe在2021年暑假上的阅览写作课程里写的一篇得到A+的英语谈论类作文。这两个多月里Zoe几乎每周都写一篇小论文，咱们会在随后的共享顶用文字堆积和记载。

说回这次的共享。这个课程需求6-8大学的孩子们在3周内结束马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》，而且每周都要根据一个主题结束一篇文学谈论文章。这次的共享，是Zoe在读这个文学作品的最终一周结束的小论文。为了无缺共享这次写作，咱们将从出题作文的出题启航。

从此初步，Zoe要和以往的creative writing（创造性写作），或许日记体的记叙文章要做一个切开了。Zoe需要以老到的方法来分析及论说自个的观念。行云流水之余，晓之以理，动之以情必定是一个应战；其实到这个期间，运用哪种言语现已不是最重要的了。所以再偏重一下，类似的写作练习现已是在训练了解、归纳、总结、分析、论说、心有灵犀等多方面的才能。假定你有耐性读完全文，就会了解咱们想表达的意思；一起，也能大约对美国大学对学生分析类论文写作的需求和辅导方向。自个感触这个需求是和美国的大学甚至研讨生教育思路一脉相承的。

教师关于写作规则了标题如下：

Homework: For next week students should finish reading The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and write an essay analyzing family in the novel.

课程需要孩子们结束整部小说的阅览，并分析小说中体现的家庭观念来结束小论文的写作。写作中可以重视如下几点：

• What is the author’s view on family? All students must answer this question.

  作者有啥样的家庭观念？留心一切学生的论文中有必要包括这个方面的论说。

• What is the importance of family structures in the novel??

  家庭规划在小说中有啥重要意义？

• What is their place in society??

  家庭在社会中地址的方位？

• Do Huck and Jim constitute a family??

  小说主人公哈克和出逃的奴隶吉姆可以构成一个家庭吗？

• What about Huck and Tom??

  小说主人公哈克和汤姆能构成一个家庭吗？

• What do the characters think of family??

  小说中的人物如何了解家庭这个概念？

• When does society intervene in the family?

  社会在啥情况下会介入家庭？

All students should include their “skeleton format” thesis at the top of their essay!!

一切学生有必要在论文写作主期间前标示出主旨规划公式

• In this essay I will argue that:

  在这个论文中我将谈论：

• This will show not only that:

  谈论将不止包括：

• But also that:

  并将谈论：

下面是Zoe上交的文章共享。首要是文章主旨大纲，就是用下面三个语句结束文章的主旨句。要点是在写作进程中，需要时刻自我查看，看看是不是写作是环绕着设定的主旨句内容打开的。否则，文章会显得思维发散，全体短少说服力。主旨句这有些咱们就不翻译成中文了。可是后边的作文，是中英文对照的。

In this essay I will argue that:

Twain’s image of an ideal family includes love, trust comfort, sacrifice, and most importantly, respect for freedom.

This will show not only that:

Twain indicates the lack of these traits in the traditional families in the novel.

But also that:

The relationship between Jim and Huck resembles all of these traits.

下面是教师的全体评价：

以下的共享会大致把Zoe写的英文翻译成中文。因为时刻捆绑，不会进行特别详尽的翻译。咱们随意翻译一下。Zoe妈觉得每次也搞得挺累。可是因为Zoe在坚持，所以一同坚持吧。

另外，不晓得为啥，总感触正本Zoe写的英文读起来轻松许多，可是一翻译成中文，感触有种过火严厉的感触。

“Being a family means you are part of something very wonderful. It means that you will love and be loved for the rest of your life.”-Lisa Weed. Although many people think of family as being blood related to another, it is not that simple. In?Adventures of Huckleberry?Finn, by outlining the traditional family types that Huck encounters during his journey and contrasting them with the unconventional family-like relationship between Huck and Jim, Twain confronts the prevailing family concept in his era and reveals his view on ideal family with core values such as love, trust, comfort, sacrifice and most importantly, respect for its members’ free will.

? ? “变成家庭的 一员是妙不可以言的一件事。它意味着你的余生将在爱与被爱中度过。”- Lisa Weed。尽管大有些人认为家庭是以血缘联接的，但其实这事并没有那么简略。在《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》这部作品里，经过比照传统家庭以及主人公哈克和落跑黑奴吉姆之间的联络，作者马克·吐温应战了其地址年代主导的家庭界说。作者经过这部作品表达了他抱负中的家庭体现的中心价值观-爱、信赖、安适、牺牲，以及究竟重要的一点，即对其他家庭成员安适意志的尊敬。

Through his?description of various dysfunctional families by traditional concept, Twain challenges the customary idea of family as the?basic social unit to provide for the next generation and successfully educate/civilize them with preaching and punishment. Family is miniature model?of the society; stable families with the right values will keep the society on the right track. And in order to avoid wrong paths going forward, the right values are to be passed down through generations by family education. Twain?deliberately creates the character of Huck, a 13-year-old boy who has learned a lot from life experience and knows how to survive even when left alone in the wild. Thus, Huck no longer needs pa, a drunk, abusive and morally corrupted figure in the novel who fails to provide for his family as a father. Consequently, Twain demolishes the most primitive form of family which is blood-related, inviting the readers to wonder whether sharing the same blood along is enough for having a stable and happy family.?

马克·吐温经过对一系列家庭的描绘，对传统家庭观念提出了应战；作者认为传统意义的家庭并不能经过（简略的）说教和赏罚承担起所谓抚育、教化孩子的社会责任。家庭是社会的缩影；具有适合价值观的家庭能推进社会在正常轨迹上运转；而为了保证社会往后的正常运转，最佳也能让适合的价值观代代相传。在这本小说中，马克·吐温特意描写了一个13岁的顽童，而且赋予了他户外生计的种种技能。这样，13岁的主人公哈克根柢不需要他那个常常施暴的酒鬼父亲；而其实他的父亲也历来没有承担起一家之主的责任。由此，马克·吐温打碎了开始始的血亲家庭方法，并聘请读者一同思考，是不是血缘是维系一个安靖和夸姣家庭的仅有枢纽。

Twain then let the society intervene and find a foster family for Huck where the widow and Miss Watson enthusiastically take up the responsibility to civilize Huck. This arrangement appears to be very reasonable in?a?society?interested?in keeping its wholeness through keeping as many normal families (normal by social standards) as possible. Huck recognizes their kindness but refuses to follow. The author fails the foster family as a backup instrument to civilize Huck since Huck eventually decides to escape in search of freedom.

随后，马克·吐温在小说中让社会介入进来，把哈克组织进了一个寄养家庭。寄养家庭中的寡妇和华生小姐竭尽全力地想要教化哈克。这样的组织在作者地址的年代非常合理；社会寄期望于寄养家庭承担起教化孩子的责任，保证社会中有更多平稳的家庭，进而保证社会的平稳。在寄宿家庭里，哈克感遭到了好心，可是他并不想屈从于教化。作者借由哈克的出逃，让备选的（寄养）家庭规划也损失了作用。

It’s obvious that for Twain, living under the same roof or even merely sharing same beliefs are not prerequisites for forming a genuine family; and the novelist proves this theory through demonstrating the lack of ideal family values in many traditional families Huck meets along the way.?

毫无疑问，对作者而言，日子在同一屋檐下，甚至哪怕有着一起的理念都不是可以构成真实家庭的先决条件。作者经过对哈克一路冒险行程中遇到的形形色色的家庭进行描绘来阐明他的这一观念。

Huck lives with his father in the woods and he runs into king and Duke, two scoundrels that Huck has to live with for some time. Huck’s father and the two rascals only want to take advantage of Huck. For example, seeing that he may lose Huck’s custody, Huck’s father curses saying: “a man’s own son…just as that man has got that son raised at Kay, and ready to go to work and begin to do suthi’ for him and give him a rest,” (p20) It’s obvious that Huck’s father is only interested in exploiting Huck for economic benefits. King and Duke also control Huck as their servant, bossing him around and eventually sell Jim for their own benefit. All family values that Twain approves are lacking in these relationships although the characters live together. A relationship in which the elders only demand and abuse for forced obedience by no means represents the family type that Twain idealizes.?

哈克在户外和他的父亲一同日子，随后的历险中他又遇到了“国王”和“公爵”这两个骗子。哈克的父亲和那两个骗子都想使用哈克。当哈克的父亲看到自个可以失掉对哈克的监护权时，他只是诉苦失掉哈克就没人任由他使唤了（就像我国人说的养儿防不了老了。尽管哈克的父亲非常自私，自个根柢没有尽心抚育哈克，他仍然想留哈克在身边干活养活和照看自个）。哈克的父亲想和哈克在一同只是出于经济实惠上的考量。而“国王”和“男爵”在和哈克共处的进程中把哈克当作家丁，指派他干这干那；最终还瞒着哈克把落跑黑奴吉姆给卖掉了。尽管哈克和这些人日子在一同，可是他们之间的联络都不能体现马克·吐温所推重的家庭价值。在这些联络中，年长者指挥若定，任意妄为，强行着年幼者遵守。这些联络必定不是马克·吐温抱负中的家庭联络。

Grangerford’s?family lives in very comfortable conditions and they are gentle, kind people. However, they chose to live in hatred and their activities center around a feud while nobody even remembers how it started. Through Huck’s observation on Grangerfords’ morning routine and their comments on their way back from a sermon about brotherly love, Twain ironically shows how a family with extreme order and hierarchy in their behavior, noble in their thoughts and unanimous in their beliefs can become hypocrite slaughtering machines. The message Twain sends out through the story of the Grangford’s family is straightforward – when a family inherits hatred instead of love, when it values honor above true feelings, any seemingly order and harmony can turn into tragedy or even death.??

格伦基福特上校一家过着舒畅的日子；他们仁慈而文质彬彬。可是，他们却日子在世仇带来的阴影里。尽管他们甚至现已忘掉这种敌视具体是由何而来，这一家人的一切往常活动如同都环绕着报仇打开。哈克（经过和这家人一同日子）调查着这家人早上规整有序的典礼（父母如何下楼，男孩子和女孩子们如何轮流给父母敬酒存候）；思考着这家人从教堂回来的路上是如何感动的谈论着刚刚听完的关于人世互爱的布道（实践上他们往来不断教堂的路上都实枪荷弹，时刻预备遇到仇人取人道命，且杀人不见血）。经过这些描绘，作者马克·吐温用讥讽的口吻指出，一个看起来有条不紊、长幼有序、道德崇高、思维共同的家庭其实完全可所以一个虚伪的杀人机器。这儿，作者经过描绘格伦基福特上校一家所表达出来的信息对错常清楚的 – 当一个家庭代代相传的是恨而不是爱；当这个家庭把荣誉看得高过人的真情实感，所谓的次序与调和片刻间可以变为凄惨剧，甚至将人面向去世。

Twain’s view on Phelps’ family is positive yet with restraint; Twain?implies that even with a good traditional family like Phelps’, the ideal family is out of reach for Huck due to the social and cultural reality of his era. After a long journey full of dangers and malicious lying, finally Huck could have a rest at Phelps’ house. The family seems to be so perfect, with a responsible, well-tempered father, a loving and caring mother, decent household and enough food. Once again, Huck could be a boy and fool around with his pranks, carefree. However, Twain makes aunty Sally share the widow’s enthusiasm in civilizing Huck. Again, the conflict between what others think is good for Huck and Huck’s free will emerges. Huck takes a long journey to return to the starting point, at the beginning of the story when his previous foster family, the widow, tries her best to educate Huck. To break this socially defined cycle, Twain sends Huck off to another journey since for Twain, a place with no respect for free will is no home.?

马克·吐温关于Phelps这个家庭的评价是正面的，可是也有所保存。作者意在指出在因为哈克所日子年代的种种社会文明捆绑，哪怕是像Phelps这样的传统好人家也无法变成哈克永久的避风港。在阅历了充溢风险和鬼话的绵长冒险后，哈克总算能在Phelps家组织一下。这家人看是来是这么的完满 – 一个担任任的，好脾气的父亲；一个爱意满满，关心入微的母亲；体面的居所和满足的食物。哈克又可以做回一个高枕无忧，处处捣蛋的小男孩儿。可是，马克·吐温特意组织，让这家的女主人萨利阿姨也出于好心，热情满满地想要教化哈克（所谓教化就是给安适的魂灵加上各种捆绑。坐有坐相，站有站相，读书写字，去教堂。估量这种教化可以有一天会让哈克变得虚伪和文质彬彬，就像格伦基福特上校一家那样。不得不感叹马克·吐温半吐半吞，讥讽究竟的造就）。萨利阿姨和哈克之前寄养家庭的寡妇有着相同的教化人的喜爱。马克·吐温再次让别人的好心和哈克的安适意志之间发生了冲突。哈克阅历了绵长的历险后又回到了原点，因为小说一初步也是寄养家庭的寡妇一门心思维着教化哈克。为了打破这种既定循环，马克·吐温在小说结束处又组织哈克重启旅途。马克·吐温认为，对家庭成员的安适意志无所尊敬的当地，不能称之为家。

By creating disagreements between Huck and Jim as well as unveiling how they talk through to find solutions, Twain indicates that happy and solid family relationship needs respect for others’ free will and compromise. For example, Jim is worried about getting on the sinking steam boat. However, when he sees that Huck is really interested, he decides to take the risk. By doing so, the two friends lose their skiff and are almost separated. After their reunion, Jim says that he would never go through this kind of adventures again and he analyzes the possible consequences. Huck eventually agrees, saying “he was right; he was most always right;” (p57) Twain’s message here is clear – families don’t build up love and trust through moral obligation nor forced obedience, but rather via attention, communication and mutual concession.?

马克·吐温经过在哈克和吉姆间制造敌对来展示他们如何经过交流来处置疑问。作者的意图是指出夸姣巩固的家庭联络需要树立在对彼此安适意志尊敬的基础上，并能彼此做出让步。当吉姆忧心如焚不想登上现已鄙人沉的那艘蒸汽船的时分，他发现哈克特别感快乐喜爱要一探究竟。所以吉姆也就抉择和哈克风雨同舟。可是这样的做法，让两自个丢掉了他们自个的筏子，而且差点就天各一方。当他们好不简略从头聚到一同，吉姆说他再也不愿意去冒这种风险了，而且吉姆还分析了这类风险可以带来的成果。哈克究竟招认吉姆的话有道理（想想在那个年代对一个黑奴认错和招认对方比你有道理是有多少难度的一个作业）。经过这类的描绘，马克·吐温想表达的是家庭并不是树立在道德劫持和强逼遵守的基础上的；家庭成员之间大约彼此重视，彼此倾听以抵达共同。

Huck goes back and forth between his adventures and the raft on which he drifts down the river with Jim. After Huck escapes from the feud, he had a conversation with Jim and both agree that: “We said there warn’t no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft doesn’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft.” (p88) Twain makes the tattered wigwam the home that Huck always wants to go back to because there, his family, Jim, will always waits him with open arms whenever the boy is tired or hurt from his adventures and Jim won’t judge Huck or hold him up. Therefore, Twain exhibits one of the most important core values he believes that an ideal family should have – respect for freedom. Huck can’t find this trait in any traditional family he comes up with, not even in good Phelps’ family. By establishing mutual respect for freedom in Huck and Jim, Twain eventually outlines the ideal family in his belief.

哈克在陆地冒险和他与吉姆的小筏子之间来回络绎。当哈克逃离了世仇仇杀的风险后，他和吉姆之间有一个对话。横竖那意思就是，这个破筏子才是真实的家嘛。哪里还有比这个筏子更让人放松和开心的当地了？在马克·吐温的笔下，这个破褴褛烂的小筏子上的小破屋之所以变成了哈克的港湾，是因为不管何时，只需哈克感到疲倦和受伤，他总有一个归途，他总能看到翻开双臂拥抱他的吉姆；而那双翻开的双臂也永久不会变成锁住他前行的绳子。由此，马克·吐温总算展示出他抱负中的完满家庭中心价值观 – 对安适（意志）的尊敬。哈克无法在任何传统意义家庭中找到这

种共同，哪怕是那么让人喜爱的Phelps家。所以马克·吐温只能借由哈克与吉姆之间的联络，来构建出他抱负的完满家庭体系。

Twain’s portrayal in family does not just end at a relationship by blood. Throughout his novel,?The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,?the reader can see that the ideal family Twain describes provides the love, trust, and the support for each among the members. People within a real family that Twain idealizes will aid each other to become better, yet not change who each of them wants to be. “Family not only need to consist merely those whom we share blood, but also those whom we’d give blood.” -Charles Dickens It’s no surprise that often times, we hear people refer to their close friends as family and that’s who they are.

马克·吐温对家庭的描绘必定不止于原生家庭的种种。作者可以感遭到，一个真实的家庭中的成员会彼此有爱、信赖、撑持，而这些中心价值观也在《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》这部小说里贯穿一向。马克·吐温抱负中的完满家庭，他们的成员间必定是彼此推进让对方变成非常好的人，而并不是一味的期望其别人改动

来投合自个的需要。这儿，Zoe引证了查尔斯·狄更斯的一句话，粗心我就不翻译了，我们仍是看上面的英文领会吧。

码字还真是挺累的。今日就到这儿吧。。。