英语语法(3)代词

?代词

一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
1．人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格?作主语时用主格，做宾语和表语时用宾格，作定语时用所有格。?形容词性的所有格和名词性的所有格：如my和mine，your和yours等。? ? ?eg. your school is so different from ours (= our school).
2．英语中第一、第二、第三人称代词在句子中的排列次序：单数时为you, he and i；复数时为we, you and they。
3．it用于指人的情况：?a) —who is it/that speaking? ?—it’s mary speaking.?b) —what’s wrong with the baby? —it’s crying loudly.
4．双重所有格的用法?在英语中经常会碰到双重所有格的情况，如a friend of mine，the invention of his等，这种表达法的意思与my friend, his invention基本相同，只有细微的差别。?另外，名词也有双重所有格的表达法，如a friend of my father’s, the invention of professor brown’s等。
5．在表示宾语的身体部位的名词前，一般用定冠词the代替所有格。?试比较：the policeman caught the thief by the arm.? ? ? ? ?the young lady carried a small baby in her arm.
6．we students与our students的区别?we students中文为“我们学生”，“学生”是“我们”的同位语，用这一词语的时候，说话人是学生。而our students其实是“我们的学生”，说话人不是学生。当然，用we students的时候，we students必须是主语，如果是宾语，则用us students。?eg. we students should learn more than book knowledge at school.? ? good teachers always bear us students in mind.
7．反身代词的用法?a)作宾语? ?eg. we must learn to adjust ourselves to the new situation.? ?注意反身代词与代词宾格作宾语的区别：? ? eg. jane’s mother stared at her in the mirror.

（jane的母亲望着镜子中的jane。）? ? ? ?jane’s mother stared at herself in the mirror. （jane的母亲望着镜子中的自己。）? ?试译：请好好保重。? ? ? ? ? please take good care of yourself.? ? ? ? ?在幼儿园里，老师会很好地照顾你的。? ? ? ? ? teachers will take good care of you in the kindergarten.?b)用作同位语，强调主语或宾语?eg. i myself would never do such a thing. (= i would never do such a thing myself.)? ? we talked with the mayor himself.?c)反身代词的一些词组? ?by oneself 单独，独自 ?eg. he finished the task by himself.? ?for oneself 为了自己 ? eg. she cooked a meal for herself.? ?between ourselves 就我们之间 ? ? eg. this is a secret between ourselves.? ?teach oneself sth. 自学… eg. lenin taught himself english when he was in siberia.? ?seat oneself = be seated ?eg. he seated himself at the back of the room.? ?devote oneself to = be devoted to ? 献身于
二、指示代词1．this, these经常指下面要讲的东西，而that, those经常指前面讲过的东西。?eg. he always begins

his story like this: “once upon a time, there was a …”? ? he was ill. that’s why he didn’t come.
2．that与those可以指代前面提到的名词，经常在比较级的句子中出现。?eg. the boy told me his story and also that of his sister’s.? ? weather in shanghai is warmer than that in beijing.? ? the products produced this year are different from those produced last year.
3．this与that可用作副词，放在形容词或副词前，意思相当于so。?eg. i didn’t expect the exam would be this easy.? ? i can only go that far, to the riverside.
三、不定代词1．one?one只能指代可数名词的单数形式，它与it的不同之处是it代替前面所提到的名词，是特指的，也就是前面提到的同一件东西，而one代替前面所提到的名词，但它是一种泛指，即是这一类东西中的任何一个。试比较：?i have lost my cell phone and i have to buy one (= a cell phone).?i have bought a new cell phone. i bought it in hong kong.
2．any, some, anyone, someone, anybody, somebody, anything, somethinga)any一般用在否定句，疑问句与条件状语从句中。? eg. —have you any questions? ?—no, i haven’

t any.? ? ?please buy some apples if there are any.? any也可以用在肯定句中，表示“任何一个”的意思。? ?eg. this is common knowledge. any pupil knows it.b)some一般用在肯定句中，但可以用在一种表示邀请的疑问句中。? ?eg. would you like to have some drinks? (= have some drinks, please.)? ? ? 试比较：have you bought any drinks?? some有时还可以解释为“某个”的意思，相当于certain。? ?eg. i have read it in some magazine. (= in a certain magazine.)c)anyone, someone, anybody, somebody都是指人，anything, something都是指物。无论是指人还是指物，都是单数性质。
3．another与the other等的用法见下表：

单数?复数泛指?another = another one?other ones = others特指?the other = the other one?the other ones =the others?eg. i don’t like the colour of the shirt. will you please show me another (one/ shirt)?

? ? there were only two shirts left in the shop. i didn’t like the blue one. so i took the other.? ? we have been told that only three of us have passed the exam, and the others have to do it again next week.? ? there are many children in the park. some are singing, others are dancing.
4．each与every?each相当于形容词或名词，而every相当与形容词。?each指两个或两个以上的“每一个”，every指三个或三个以上的“每一个”。?用each的时候，常可强调“各不相同”，而用every时，常强调“全部都”。?eg. each of the hats cost 30 dollars. (= the hats cost 30 dollars each.)there are shops on each side of the street.? ? at the meeting, each student expressed his or her own idea.? ? every one of the students agreed with me.
5．everyone与every one? everyone只指人，同everybody。? every one既可指物，也可指人，指人时只用在of短语之前。? eg. no one is absent today. everyone is here.? ? ?all the pictures are beautiful. i like every one of them.
6．all与both；any与either；none与neither?这三对代词的区别是一样的，在与指代数量上的不同。all, any, none都是指代三个或三个以上，both, either, neither都是指代两者。?eg. all the students like my idea.? ? both his parents are ordinary workers.? ? there are many books in our library. you can borrow any of them.? ? i have two dictionaries. you may take either one.? ? none of my classmates will go there with me.? ? neither of his two brothers could help him during that time.
7．no one, nobody, nothing和none。?no one = nobody，都是指人；nothing指物；none既可指人，也可指物。?no one, nobody, nothing都是单数性质，none作主语，如指代不可数名词，看作单数，如果指代可数名词，既可看作单数，也可看作复数。?在作否定回答时，用none回答有针对性的人或东西，用no one, nobody, nothing回答无针对性的人或东西。?eg. —who did you see in the office? ?—no one/ nobody.? ? —is there anything in the room? ?—nothing..? ? —is there any water in your bottle? ?—none.? ? —how many students have been chosen in your class this time? ?—none.
8．not与all, both, every连用?not与all, both, every连用时都是部分否定，意思是“不全是”。eg. all that glitters is not gold.? not every student can solve the problem.? both of his parents are not at home, today.?试析：? ?don’t spit ____ (anywhere/ everywhere).